02

糖尿病有哪些種類？

What types of diabetes are there?

糖尿病主要分為第一型糖尿病、第二型糖尿病及妊娠糖尿病三大類，此外亦有一些較少見的特殊類型糖尿病。不同種類的糖尿病有不同的成因、發病年齡及治療方法，因此了解它們的分別，有助及早識別及接受適當治療。

Diabetes is mainly grouped into type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes, alongside some less common specific types. Each has different causes, typical age of onset and treatment, so understanding the differences helps with early recognition and appropriate care.

一型糖尿病（Type 1 Diabetes）

Type 1 diabetes

第一型糖尿病主要是由於免疫系統錯誤攻擊胰臟內製造胰島素的β細胞，導致身體幾乎無法分泌胰島素，因此患者需要終身注射胰島素維持血糖控制。

In type 1 diabetes the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, so the body produces almost no insulin. Lifelong insulin injections are required to control blood glucose.

第一型糖尿病多於兒童、青少年或年輕成人發病，但任何年齡人士都有機會患上。患者通常發病較急，可出現口渴、小便頻密、體重下降及疲倦等症狀，如未及時治療，更可能引發糖尿病酮酸中毒（Diabetic Ketoacidosis, DKA），屬於需要立即處理的急症。

Type 1 most often begins in children, adolescents or young adults, though it can occur at any age. Onset is usually rapid, with thirst, frequent urination, weight loss and fatigue. Without prompt treatment it can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a medical emergency requiring immediate care.

二型糖尿病（Type 2 Diabetes）

Type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病是最常見的糖尿病類型，約佔所有糖尿病個案九成以上。患者的身體仍然可以分泌胰島素，但細胞對胰島素的反應下降（胰島素阻抗），加上胰臟分泌的胰島素逐漸不足，令血糖持續升高。

Type 2 is the most common form, accounting for more than 90% of all cases. The body still produces insulin, but cells respond poorly to it (insulin resistance) and the pancreas gradually produces too little, so blood glucose stays high.

第二型糖尿病與家族病史、超重或肥胖、缺乏運動、不健康飲食及年齡增長等因素有關。近年由於生活方式改變，第二型糖尿病的發病年齡亦有年輕化趨勢。

Type 2 is associated with family history, overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, an unhealthy diet and increasing age. With changing lifestyles, it is increasingly seen in younger people.

妊娠糖尿病（Gestational Diabetes）

Gestational diabetes

妊娠糖尿病是指女性在懷孕期間首次出現血糖偏高的情況，通常在懷孕24至28週進行葡萄糖耐量測試時發現。

Gestational diabetes refers to high blood glucose first identified during pregnancy, usually detected by a glucose tolerance test between 24 and 28 weeks.

大部分孕婦於分娩後血糖可恢復正常，但曾患妊娠糖尿病的女士，日後患上第二型糖尿病的風險會較高，因此產後仍需定期監測血糖，並維持健康生活習慣。

For most women blood glucose returns to normal after delivery, but the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later is higher. Regular blood glucose monitoring and healthy habits after childbirth are therefore important.

其他特殊類型糖尿病

Other specific types

除了上述三大類，亦有一些較少見的特殊類型糖尿病，例如由遺傳基因變異引起的單基因糖尿病（Monogenic Diabetes）、胰臟疾病、內分泌疾病，或因某些藥物（如類固醇）而導致的糖尿病。這些情況相對少見，通常需要由專科醫生作詳細評估及治療。

Besides the three main categories, less common specific types exist — for example monogenic diabetes caused by genetic variants, diabetes arising from pancreatic or endocrine disease, or diabetes induced by medications such as steroids. These are relatively rare and usually require detailed assessment and treatment by a specialist.

參考資料：American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
香港衛生署《糖尿病資訊》

References:American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
Department of Health, HKSAR — Diabetes Mellitus information.

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04

糖尿病有哪些症狀？

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

糖尿病早期未必有明顯症狀，因此不少患者都是在健康檢查時，才發現血糖偏高。當血糖持續升高時，身體便可能開始出現不同徵狀。由於每位患者的病情及血糖水平不同，症狀的種類及嚴重程度亦會有所差異。

Diabetes may cause no obvious symptoms early on, so many people first discover raised blood glucose at a health check. As blood glucose rises, symptoms may begin to appear. Because each person's condition and glucose levels differ, the type and severity of symptoms vary.

為什麼糖尿病會出現症狀？

Why do symptoms occur?

當血糖持續高於正常水平時，身體會嘗試透過尿液排出多餘的葡萄糖，因此患者會排出較多尿液，同時帶走大量水分，容易導致脫水。身體為了補充流失的水分，便會產生口渴的感覺。

When blood glucose stays above normal, the body tries to remove the excess glucose through urine. This produces more urine and carries away a large amount of water, which can lead to dehydration — and the body responds with thirst.

另一方面，由於葡萄糖未能有效進入細胞提供能量，身體即使血糖偏高，細胞仍然處於「能量不足」的狀態，因此容易感到疲倦，甚至出現體重下降等情況。

At the same time, because glucose cannot enter cells efficiently to provide energy, cells remain "energy-starved" even though blood glucose is high. This causes fatigue and, in some cases, weight loss.

糖尿病有哪些常見症狀？

Common symptoms

糖尿病常見症狀包括：

Common symptoms of diabetes include:

• 經常口渴：即使喝水後仍感到口乾，總想喝水。
• 小便頻密：尤其夜間需要多次起床小便。
• 容易疲倦：即使休息充足，仍感到精神不足或體力下降。
• 食量增加但體重下降：由於細胞無法有效利用葡萄糖，身體會分解脂肪及肌肉作為能量來源。
• 視力模糊：血糖波動可影響眼睛晶狀體，導致視力短暫模糊。
• 傷口癒合較慢：高血糖會影響血液循環及免疫功能，使傷口較難癒合。
• 容易感染：例如皮膚感染、尿道感染或念珠菌感染等。
• 手腳麻痺或刺痛：長期高血糖可影響神經，部分患者會出現四肢麻木或刺痛的感覺。

• Persistent thirst — a dry mouth and the urge to drink even after drinking water.
• Frequent urination — particularly getting up several times at night.
• Fatigue — feeling low in energy despite adequate rest.
• Eating more but losing weight — as cells cannot use glucose, the body breaks down fat and muscle for energy.
• Blurred vision — fluctuating glucose can affect the lens of the eye, causing temporary blurring.
• Slow-healing wounds — high glucose affects circulation and immune function.
• Frequent infections — such as skin, urinary tract or candida infections.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet — long-term high glucose can affect the nerves.

沒有症狀是否代表沒有糖尿病？

Does having no symptoms mean no diabetes?

不一定。

Not necessarily.

二型糖尿病通常發展較慢，很多患者在初期沒有明顯症狀，甚至已患病數年仍未察覺。雖然沒有不適，但高血糖仍可能持續損害眼睛、腎臟、神經及心血管，因此不少患者在確診時已出現不同程度的併發症。

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly. Many people have no obvious symptoms early on and may live with it for years without knowing. Even without discomfort, high blood glucose can continue to damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system — which is why some people already have complications at diagnosis.

如果屬於糖尿病高危人士，例如有家族病史、超重或肥胖、高血壓、高血脂，或曾被診斷為前期糖尿病，即使沒有任何症狀，亦建議定期接受血糖檢查。

If you are at higher risk — family history, overweight or obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, or a previous diagnosis of prediabetes — regular blood glucose testing is recommended even without symptoms.

參考資料：American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
香港衛生署《糖尿病資訊》

References:American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
Department of Health, HKSAR — Diabetes Mellitus information.

↑ 返回目錄↑ Back to contents

06

如何診斷糖尿病？

How is diabetes diagnosed?

糖尿病在早期未必有明顯症狀，因此不能單靠身體感覺判斷是否患病。如屬糖尿病高危人士，或出現口渴、小便頻密、容易疲倦、體重下降等症狀，應及早求醫，由醫生安排適當的血糖檢查，以便及早診斷及開始治療。

Diabetes may cause no obvious symptoms early on, so it cannot be judged by how you feel. If you are at higher risk, or have symptoms such as thirst, frequent urination, fatigue or weight loss, see a doctor early so that appropriate blood glucose tests can be arranged for timely diagnosis and treatment.

糖尿病可以透過哪些檢查診斷？

Which tests are used?

醫生會根據個人的情況，安排不同的血糖檢查。常用的診斷方法包括空腹血糖（Fasting Plasma Glucose，FPG）、糖化血紅蛋白（HbA1c）及口服葡萄糖耐量測試（Oral Glucose Tolerance Test，OGTT）。

Your doctor will choose tests based on your situation. Common diagnostic methods include fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

有需要時，醫生亦可能抽取隨機血糖（Random Plasma Glucose）作初步評估，尤其適用於有典型糖尿病症狀的患者。

Where appropriate, a random plasma glucose test may also be used for initial assessment, particularly for people with typical diabetes symptoms.

空腹血糖（FPG）

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

空腹血糖是最常用的檢查之一。檢查前需要至少8小時不進食（可飲用清水），然後抽血測量血糖水平。

FPG is one of the most commonly used tests. You must not eat for at least 8 hours beforehand (plain water is allowed), after which blood is drawn to measure glucose.

如果空腹血糖：

Fasting plasma glucose results:

• 低於 5.6 mmol/L：屬正常範圍。
• 5.6–6.9 mmol/L：屬前期糖尿病。
• 7.0 mmol/L 或以上：符合糖尿病診斷標準（一般需由醫生根據情況重複檢查或配合其他檢查確認）。

• Below 5.6 mmol/L — normal range.
• 5.6–6.9 mmol/L — prediabetes.
• 7.0 mmol/L or above — meets the criteria for diabetes (usually confirmed by repeat or additional testing as advised by your doctor).

糖化血紅蛋白（HbA1c）

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)

HbA1c可反映過去約2至3個月的平均血糖水平，不受單日飲食影響，因此是診斷及監測糖尿病的重要指標。

HbA1c reflects average blood glucose over the past 2–3 months and is not affected by a single day's eating, making it an important test for both diagnosis and monitoring.

一般而言：

In general:

• 低於 5.7%：屬正常範圍。
• 5.7%–6.4%：屬前期糖尿病。
• 6.5% 或以上：符合糖尿病診斷標準（需由醫生作整體評估）。

• Below 5.7% — normal range.
• 5.7%–6.4% — prediabetes.
• 6.5% or above — meets the criteria for diabetes (subject to overall assessment by your doctor).

下一節將詳細介紹 HbA1c 的作用及如何理解檢查結果。

The next section explains HbA1c and how to interpret the results in more detail.

口服葡萄糖耐量測試（OGTT）

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

口服葡萄糖耐量測試主要用於診斷前期糖尿病及妊娠糖尿病，亦可用於部分懷疑患有糖尿病但其他檢查結果未能確定的患者。

The OGTT is used mainly to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes, and for people in whom other test results are inconclusive.

檢查時，患者先抽取空腹血液，然後飲用指定份量的葡萄糖飲品，並於兩小時後再次抽血。

A fasting blood sample is taken first; you then drink a measured glucose solution, and blood is drawn again two hours later.

如果兩小時血糖：

Two-hour glucose results:

• 低於 7.8 mmol/L：屬正常範圍。
• 7.8–11.0 mmol/L：屬前期糖尿病。
• 11.1 mmol/L 或以上：符合糖尿病診斷標準。

• Below 7.8 mmol/L — normal range.
• 7.8–11.0 mmol/L — prediabetes.
• 11.1 mmol/L or above — meets the criteria for diabetes.

香港一般使用 mmol/L 作為血糖單位，而美國常用 mg/dL；HbA1c 則主要以百分比（%）表示，部分國家亦會採用 IFCC 單位（mmol/mol）。

Hong Kong generally uses mmol/L for blood glucose, while mg/dL is common in the United States. HbA1c is usually expressed as a percentage (%); some countries also use IFCC units (mmol/mol).

是否一次驗血便能確診？

Is one blood test enough to confirm a diagnosis?

未必。

Not necessarily.

如果沒有典型糖尿病症狀，即使血糖結果達到診斷標準，醫生一般會安排再次驗血，或使用另一種檢查方法確認結果，以避免因短暫因素而影響診斷。

Without typical symptoms, doctors generally arrange a repeat test or use a second method to confirm the result, so that a temporary factor does not affect the diagnosis.

若患者同時出現典型糖尿病症狀，例如口渴、小便頻密、體重下降，而隨機血糖達 11.1 mmol/L 或以上，醫生可根據臨床情況作出診斷。

If typical symptoms are present — thirst, frequent urination, weight loss — together with a random plasma glucose of 11.1 mmol/L or above, a doctor may make the diagnosis on clinical grounds.

參考資料：American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
香港衛生署《糖尿病資訊》

References:American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
Department of Health, HKSAR — Diabetes Mellitus information.

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08

如何控制血糖？

How can blood glucose be controlled?

糖尿病雖然暫時未能根治，但透過積極管理，大部分患者都能有效控制血糖，降低眼睛、腎臟、神經及心血管等併發症的風險。

控制血糖並非單靠服藥，而是需要配合健康飲食、規律運動、按時服藥，以及良好的生活習慣。每位患者的治療方案和血糖目標都可能不同，應按照醫生及醫護團隊的建議進行管理。

Diabetes cannot yet be cured, but with active management most people can control blood glucose well and reduce the risk of complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system.

Control does not rely on medication alone — it combines healthy eating, regular exercise, taking medicines as prescribed, and good daily habits. Treatment plans and glucose targets differ from person to person, so follow the advice of your doctor and care team.

健康飲食是控制血糖的基礎

Healthy eating is the foundation

均衡飲食有助穩定血糖，並維持理想體重。

A balanced diet helps stabilise blood glucose and maintain a healthy weight.

建議多選擇高纖維食物，如全穀類、蔬菜、豆類及水果，並適量攝取瘦肉、魚類、蛋和低脂奶製品。另一方面，應減少進食高糖飲品、甜品、加工食品及高脂肪食物，以免影響血糖控制。

Choose more high-fibre foods such as whole grains, vegetables, pulses and fruit, with moderate amounts of lean meat, fish, eggs and low-fat dairy. Reduce sugary drinks, desserts, processed foods and high-fat foods, which make control harder.

糖尿病患者並非完全不能吃甜食，而是應注意食物種類、份量及整體飲食安排。

People with diabetes are not forbidden sweet foods — what matters is the type, the portion and how it fits into the whole day's eating.

規律運動有助改善血糖控制

Regular exercise improves control

運動能增加身體對胰島素的敏感度，幫助葡萄糖進入細胞利用，從而降低血糖。

Exercise increases the body's sensitivity to insulin and helps glucose enter cells, lowering blood glucose.

一般建議每星期進行不少於150分鐘中等強度帶氧運動，例如快步行、游泳或踏單車，同時配合適量阻力訓練。開始新的運動計劃前，如有心臟病、糖尿病併發症或其他健康問題，應先諮詢醫生意見。

At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week — such as brisk walking, swimming or cycling — is generally recommended, along with some resistance training. Before starting a new exercise programme, consult your doctor if you have heart disease, diabetes complications or other health problems.

按照醫生指示服藥

Take medicines as prescribed

不少患者需要透過口服降糖藥或胰島素控制血糖。

Many people need oral glucose-lowering medicines or insulin to control blood glucose.

即使血糖有所改善，也不應自行停藥、減藥或更改服藥方法，以免血糖再次升高，增加併發症風險。如擔心藥物副作用或出現低血糖等情況，應盡快向醫生或藥劑師查詢。

Even if your readings improve, do not stop, reduce or change your medication on your own — blood glucose may rise again and increase the risk of complications. If you are worried about side effects or experience hypoglycaemia, speak to your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

定期監測血糖及 HbA1c

Monitor blood glucose and HbA1c regularly

日常量度血糖有助了解不同時間的血糖變化，例如空腹、餐後、運動前後或懷疑低血糖時，方便調整飲食、運動或藥物治療。

Day-to-day testing shows how glucose changes — fasting, after meals, around exercise, or when hypoglycaemia is suspected — making it easier to adjust food, activity or medication.

另一方面，HbA1c 可反映過去約2至3個月的整體血糖控制情況，是評估治療成效的重要指標。

HbA1c, meanwhile, reflects overall control across roughly 2–3 months and is an important measure of how well treatment is working.

兩者作用不同，互相配合，才能更全面掌握血糖控制情況。

The two serve different purposes; used together they give a fuller picture.

建立健康生活習慣

Build healthy daily habits

除了飲食、運動及藥物外，保持健康生活習慣亦有助穩定血糖，例如維持理想體重、充足睡眠、戒煙、避免過量飲酒，以及學習紓緩壓力等，都是糖尿病管理的重要一環。

Beyond diet, exercise and medication, healthy habits also help stabilise blood glucose: maintaining a healthy weight, sleeping well, quitting smoking, avoiding excessive alcohol and learning to manage stress are all important parts of diabetes care.

參考資料：American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
香港衛生署《糖尿病資訊》

References:American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
Department of Health, HKSAR — Diabetes Mellitus information.

↑ 返回目錄↑ Back to contents

10

糖尿病患者需要做哪些定期檢查？

Which regular check-ups are needed?

糖尿病患者除了按時服藥和監測血糖外，亦應定期接受不同檢查，以了解血糖控制情況，並及早發現眼睛、腎臟、心臟及其他器官是否出現併發症。

不少糖尿病併發症在早期沒有明顯症狀，因此即使沒有任何不適，也應按照醫生建議定期接受檢查。

Alongside taking medicines and monitoring blood glucose, people with diabetes should attend regular examinations to assess control and detect complications of the eyes, kidneys, heart and other organs early.

Many complications cause no obvious symptoms at first, so attend the checks your doctor recommends even if you feel well.

HbA1c（糖化血紅蛋白）

HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin)

HbA1c 可反映過去約2至3個月的平均血糖，是評估長期血糖控制的重要指標。

HbA1c reflects average blood glucose over roughly 2–3 months and is a key measure of long-term control.

一般建議每 3 至 6 個月檢查一次，實際次數會因血糖控制情況及治療方案而有所不同。

Testing every 3 to 6 months is generally recommended; the actual frequency depends on your control and treatment plan.

血壓檢查

Blood pressure

高血壓會增加心臟病、中風及腎病等併發症的風險，因此糖尿病患者應每次覆診量度血壓，並按醫生建議維持在適當目標範圍。

High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, so blood pressure should be measured at every follow-up visit and kept within the target range advised by your doctor.

血脂檢查

Blood lipids

糖尿病患者較容易出現血脂異常，增加心血管疾病風險。

People with diabetes are more prone to abnormal blood lipids, which raise cardiovascular risk.

一般建議至少每年驗血一次，了解膽固醇及三酸甘油脂水平，醫生會按結果決定是否需要調整治療。

A blood test at least once a year is generally recommended to check cholesterol and triglycerides; your doctor will decide whether treatment needs adjusting.

腎功能檢查

Kidney function

糖尿病腎病在早期通常沒有症狀，因此建議每年接受腎功能評估，包括：

Diabetic kidney disease usually causes no symptoms early on, so an annual assessment is recommended, including:

• 驗尿（尿白蛋白／肌酸酐比值，UACR）
• 驗血（腎功能及估算腎小球過濾率，eGFR）

• Urine test (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, UACR)
• Blood test (kidney function and estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)

透過定期檢查，可及早發現腎臟受損並及早治療。

Regular testing allows kidney damage to be found and treated early.

眼底檢查

Dilated eye examination

糖尿病可引致視網膜病變，而早期可能沒有任何視力問題。

Diabetes can cause retinopathy, which may produce no vision problems at first.

一般建議每年接受一次散瞳眼底檢查，及早發現視網膜病變，減低視力受損的風險。

An annual dilated retinal examination is generally recommended to detect retinopathy early and reduce the risk of vision loss.

足部檢查

Foot examination

醫生會檢查雙腳的感覺、血液循環及皮膚狀況，以評估是否有神經病變或足部潰瘍的風險。

Your doctor will check sensation, circulation and skin condition in both feet to assess the risk of neuropathy and foot ulcers.

除了定期接受足部檢查外，患者亦應每天留意雙腳是否有傷口、水泡、紅腫或其他異常，如有發現應盡快求醫。

Besides regular examinations, check your feet daily for wounds, blisters, redness, swelling or other changes, and seek advice promptly if you find any.

牙科檢查

Dental check-ups

糖尿病患者較容易患上牙周病，而牙周病亦可能影響血糖控制。

People with diabetes are more prone to gum disease, which in turn can affect blood glucose control.

建議定期接受牙科檢查及洗牙，保持良好的口腔衛生。

Regular dental examinations and cleaning are recommended, along with good oral hygiene.

以上為一般建議，實際檢查頻率會因糖尿病類型、病情控制、是否已有併發症及其他健康狀況而有所不同，請遵照醫生或醫護團隊的建議安排。

These are general recommendations. Actual frequency depends on the type of diabetes, how well it is controlled, whether complications are present and other health conditions. Follow the advice of your doctor or care team.

參考資料：American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
香港衛生署《糖尿病資訊》

References:American Diabetes Association.
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
International Diabetes Federation.
Department of Health, HKSAR — Diabetes Mellitus information.

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